Only the NCA can order the use of nuclear weapons

|SEYMOUR HERSH CONFIRMS DAJJAL BUSH PLOT TO NUKE IRAN |
Apr 9, 2006
... be so alarmed by the threat of Iran's hard-line leader, Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, that privately he refers to him as "the new Hitler", says Seymour Hersh, who broke ...
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Iran defies West to enrich uranium

Key quote "I am officially announcing that Iran has joined the group of those countries which have nuclear technology. This is the result of the Iranian nation's resistance. Based on international regulations ...

Analysis: Iran's misguided ploy? Jerusalem Post
US warns Iran on nuclear announcement ABC News
Houston Chronicle - CNN - Mail & Guardian Online - Financial Times -
all 1,079 related »

Only the NCA can order the use of nuclear weapons

National Command Authority
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority

The term National Command Authority (NCA) is used in United States military and government circles to refer to the ultimate lawful source of military orders. The term refers to the President of the United States and the Secretary of Defense.

Only the NCA can order the use of nuclear weapons, including the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP). Neither individual, by himself, can order that strategic nuclear weapons be used against any country or region. If the NCA determines that a nuclear strike is necessary, they must jointly inform the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who in turn will direct a general officer on duty in the National Military Command Center (NMCC) at the Pentagon to execute the SIOP.

The use of the term dates from the Cold War era in which the United States and Soviet Union had nuclear missiles on constant alert and a responsible official had to be available to authorize a retaliatory strike within a matter of minutes. Detailed Continuity of Government plans provided for monitoring the whereabouts of certain key government officials who would become the National Command Authority if the President were himself victim of an enemy attack.

It must be noted that as a matter of constitutional law, the President represents the unitary executive power of the United States. Therefore, if the Secretary of Defense refuses any order of the President, the President is free to dismiss him, in which case authority devolves to a subordinate (see Saturday Night Massacre, in the context of the Justice Department). Presumably, the President is legally free to continue to fire subordinates until such time as he reaches an acting Secretary of Defense who agrees with his judgement (see Robert Bork, again in the Justice Department context).
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority"

Categories: Presidency of the United States | United States armed forces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_the_United_States

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(NCA) NAT COMMAND AUTHO -- NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY - (NCA) NAT ...
TITLE: (NCA) NAT COMMAND AUTHO -- NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY. The US President and the Secretary of Defense or their duly deputized alternates or successors ...
http://www.periscope.ucg.com/terms/t0000206.html

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Nuclear Iran
Nuclear Age II: Iran, North Korea Test Deployments of National Command Authority Systems, New Nuclear Systems. Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy ...
http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/ni.htm

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February 2006

Compiled by Glenda Armstrong
Bibliographer, Air University Library
Maxwell AFB, AL
http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/ni.htm

Internet Resources

BBC News. Timeline: Iran Nuclear Crisis. September 24, 2005.
Available online at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4134614.stm

Davis, Jimmy D. Iran's Nuclear Strategy Options and U.S. Foreign Policy Implications. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Army War College, March 18, 2005.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA431713
This work explores Iran's apparent attempt to develop a nuclear weapons option. Iran has acquired considerable nuclear expertise in recent years through overt and covert activities, including civilian nuclear cooperation with Russia and likely connections with elements of Pakistan's nuclear weapons establishment.

Federation of American Scientists. Iran Special Weapons Guide. February 3, 2006.
Available online at: http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/

Flanagan, Stephen J. Strategic Forum: Sustaining U.S.-European Global Security Cooperation.
Washington, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, September 1, 2005.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA441181
"Priority should be given to developing convergent approaches to deal with warnings of imminent WMD terrorism; failure of diplomatic efforts to constrain Iran's nuclear program; security and governance problems in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Palestinian Authority; and China's global rise and military acquisitions. In fashioning an equitable transatlantic division of labor for the management of global security affairs, America's European partners have many important nonmilitary assets that should be factored into the equation."

International Atomic Energy Agency. Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran. November 15, 2004.
Available online at: http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/iaea1104.pdf

International Crisis Group. Iran.
Available online at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2438&l=1
Links to their recent reports and briefings on Iran nuclear impasse.

Litwak, Robert S. National Defense University Symposium, Prospects for Security in the Middle East, Panel 3 - Proliferation and Arms Control - Regional Reactions. Washington, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington DC Asia Program. April 20, 2005.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA434741
"Two alternative nonproliferation precedents were set in 2003: in Iraq, a change of regime; in Libya, a change in a regime. In March, U.S. and British military forces invaded Iraq to coercively disarm that country of its presumed weapons of mass destruction (WMD) stockpiles. The current nuclear crisis with Iran is playing out against the backdrop of these twin precedents. What are the lessons and implications of these precedent-setting experiences for the development of effective nonproliferation strategies? "

Palmer, Mark. Policy Toward Iran. FDCH Congressional Testimony.
Available online at: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&an=32Y1982655155
Available through EbscoHost, a subscription database. Above link accessible to Air University faculty and students.

Permanent Mission to the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations. An Unnecessary Crisis - Setting the Record Straight About Iran's Nuclear Program. November 2005.
Available online at: http://www.iran-un.org/pressreleases.php?ID=11

Political Risk Yearbook. Iran Country Forecast. Iran: Country Forecast - Comment & Analysis. January 2004.
Available online at: http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=buh&an=12273163
Analyzes the political and economic conditions in Iran as of January 2004. Tax reinstated on interest and commission from certain accounts; Relations with the International Monetary Fund.
Available through EbscoHost, a subscription database. Above link accessible to Air University faculty and students.

Shearer, Samuel R. U.S. and Russian Cooperation Against Nuclear Proliferation. Monterey, CA, Naval Postgraduate School, September 1, 2004.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA427283
Iran may have a nuclear weapon soon if Washington and Moscow do not unite to slow its efforts. The collapse of the Soviet Union created new complications in a long tradition of nonproliferation cooperation between the United States and Russia, and Iran is just one example. The September 11th terrorist attacks put more attention on the nuclear proliferation threat to the international community. If this threat is to be minimized, Washington and Moscow need to work together to prevent new nuclear powers from emerging.

Western, Charles A. Abroad, in Search of Monsters to Destroy: The United States and the Future of Preemption. Fort Leavenworth, KS, Army Command General Staff College, June 17, 2005.
Available online at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA437697
"This study examines the conditions that the United States must set to ensure that the international community will recognize the legitimacy of preemptive actions and avoid recrimination and isolation. Case studies are examined within a framework based on one laid out by the U.S. Secretary of State, Daniel Webster, in the Caroline Case of 1842: imminence, necessity, proportionality, and legitimacy. The U.S. case studies consider conventional attack, terrorist attack, and the potential use of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) by either rogue states or terrorists."

Books
CLICK: http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/ni.htm

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Iran defies West to enrich uranium

Key quote "I am officially announcing that Iran has joined the group of those countries which have nuclear technology. This is the result of the Iranian nation's resistance. Based on international regulations ...

Analysis: Iran's misguided ploy? Jerusalem Post
US warns Iran on nuclear announcement ABC News
Houston Chronicle - CNN - Mail & Guardian Online - Financial Times -
all 1,079 related »

=========================

|SEYMOUR HERSH CONFIRMS DAJJAL BUSH PLOT TO NUKE IRAN |
Apr 9, 2006
... be so alarmed by the threat of Iran's hard-line leader, Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, that privately he refers to him as "the new Hitler", says Seymour Hersh, who broke ...
GOOGLE NEWS:
Results 1 - 10 of about 723 for Seymour Hersh

=============================

Commentary from Capital Spreads
Telegraph.co.uk, United Kingdom - Mar 13, 2006
... only at 2.8pc, which effectively converts into a ... hand, punters continue to buy the euro and we ... negative interspersed with big rallies as Iran/Nigeria/Venezuela ...
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